austinpreneur

How I use iPhoto to publish to Facebook

I have a pretty good routine down now for uploading and sharing my photos and videos on my Mac and in the cloud. Good because I'm able to do it frequently (a few times a week) and don't spend too much time on it (usually about 15 minutes). This system is actually based on a similar method for managing music songs and playlists that I use for iTunes.

I manage them in iPhoto, edit them in iMovie, and share them online via Facebook, Flickr and YouTube and also through devices such as my iPhone, screensavers and digital picture frames. I'm able to upload a lot of content with minimal time.

Here is what I do after returning from a trip or event where I took pictures and video.

First, I organize the photos:

1. Connect USB cable to camera, videocamera, and iPhone. iPhoto automatically launches and goes directly to the Import screen.
2. Click Import in iPhoto to copy photos from camera to computer
3. Hygiene - delete bad photos and duplicate photos in iPhoto
4. Tagging - Add tags to photos in iPhoto
5. Ratings - Rate all photos 3 stars in iPhoto
6. Ratings - Upgrade individual photos to 4 or 5 stars in iPhoto
7. Events - Break into Events if needed and name events in iPhoto
8. Smart Albums - Update MobileMe galleries by dragging and dropping new photos from Smart Albums in iPhoto

Next, I publish them to various physical devices and online:

1. Screensaver on my computer
2. iPhone Photo Albums
3. Digital Picture Frames
4. Facebook Photos - Publish new photos to Facebook from iPhoto, then update permissions from Facebook website
5. Flickr Photos - Publish new photos to Flickr if appropriate
6. iMovie Editing - Edit videos in iMovie if necessary (usually not)
7. Facebook Video - Drag videos to the desktop and then upload individually to Facebook and YouTube

Usually this entire process takes about 15 minutes. If its after a big trip with 1000 photos and a bunch of video then maybe an hour or two.

Do I have to use a Mac?

This is one of those places where the Mac really shines. No one has made it so simple to manage your photos, videos and music and the software is all completely free with every Mac. Everything is integrated and mostly automatic. You plug in the camera and it launches iPhoto and goes right to the Import screen. My screensaver automatically gets the latest pictures and so does my iPhone when it syncs. Everything is automatic. Everything is easy.

Tagging

I'm pretty religious about tagging my photos and videos. I have about 20 tags that I use to keep things straight. Most photos get 2 or 3 tags.

A few tags may eventually be replaced by iPhoto facial recognition - I've played with it a bunch but I haven't integrated it into my process yet. I also need to work geolocation tagging into this process.

The most common tags that I use now are:

• Family Members *
• Josh *
• Baer **
• Family **
• Friends **
• Business
• OtherInbox
• Capital Factory
• Ignite Austin
• Home 
• Holiday
• Travel
• Cars
• Dogs
• Documents (pictures of awards, certificates, etc.)

* could be replaced by facial recognition
** could be replaced by facial recognition if it had groups

I can use the same criteria to do one-off searches and I have found it to be very easy to find specific pictures I'm looking for. Usually I can just narrow it down to 2 or 3 tags and then scan chronologically to find it.

Ratings

iPhoto has a five star rating system. My default rating is 3 stars. After deleting bad photos that are out of focus and duplicate shots, I "select all" and set the ratings to 3 stars. Then I look through them for any that I want to upgrade to 4 stars or 5 stars.

• 5 stars - the very best pictures
• 4 stars - better than average, but not the very best
• 3 stars - default rating for pictures that are worth keeping
• 2 stars - below average, but kept for completeness (usually pictures from an event)
• 1 star - never show in albums, probably some special case, not usually normal pictures

By rating every photo, I can create Smart Albums (below) that contain my "best" pictures from the past few months. Or I can combine with Tags to search for the "best pictures of Cars".

 

 
 

Smart Albums

Smart Albums are like "saved searches." I combine Tagging and Ratings to create Smart Albums that update their content automatically. I then connect these Smart Albums to screensavers, my iPhone, and the albums that I publish to Facebook.

My most frequently used Smart Albums are:

• Kids Best - tagged Kids and rated 5 stars
• Kids Recent - taken in the past 3 months, tagged Kids and rated 3, 4 or 5 stars
• 3 Months Best - taken in the past 3 months and rated 4 or 5 stars
• 3 Months Recent - taken in the past 3 months and rated 3, 4 or 5 stars
• Family Best - tagged Family and rated 4 or 5 stars
• Travel Best - tagged Travel and rated 5 stars
• Amy & Josh - tagged Amy and Josh and rated 5 stars

How do I decide how many stars? Mostly be trial an error. I start with 4 and 5 stars and if that is too many then I just go with 5 stars. If its not enough then I go to 3, 4 and 5 stars.

 

 

iMovie Editing

iMovie is a simple video editing application that comes pre-installed on most Macs. It's really easy to make professional looking videos with it. You can easily cut and paste clips together, overlay slides from a presentation, add titles and effects, and more.

It is integrated with iPhoto - so as long as I upload my photos and movies into iPhoto (which is what happens by default when I plug a camera into my Mac) then iMovie can automatically see all of those media assets and I can drag and drop them into movies I'm editing.

Facebook

For photos, I usually let iPhoto organize them into Events and end up wanting to publish Events as Albums on Facebook. After all of the hygiene, tagging, and rating, I'm usually left with exactly the group of photos I might want to share. So I just name the Event the same name I would want the Album to be named in Facebook and then click the Facebook icon in the bottom right of the iPhoto window.

 

 

If you want to share your photos with Everyone or with Just Friends, its easy. You just click go and you're done. I think that somehow it even matches up the facial recognition and will automatically tag photos with your friends.

If you want to share the album privately on Facebook with only certain people, it gets a little tricky. iPhoto only gives you the option to share your album with Everyone, Friends of Friends, or Just Friends. Most of the photos that I share are only shared with certain Facebook Friend Lists and not with Everyone. So I have to publish from iPhoto to Just Friends and then immediately go to the web page and reset the privacy controls from the web after the first photo is uploaded. Even still, I've had a few times where some friends on Facebook have seen pictures (I know because they commented on them) that they weren't supposed to see (fortunately nothing embarrassing, just cute family pictures).

 

 

This only works for uploading photos to your own personal account. Once they are in your account, you can easily post them to a Facebook event. However, if you want to post pictures to a Facebook Page for your company, you need to export the photos to a folder and then use the Facebook photo upload process from the web page.

For videos, it's similar to Facebook pages. You have to upload the video files directly using the Facebook web page. I usually end up dragging and dropping the video from iPhoto onto the desktop so that its easy to find when I'm uploading it to Facebook.

Flickr

I don't really publish many photos to Flickr but it works with iPhoto a lot like Facebook.

YouTube

Publishing movies isn't quite as simple with YouTube. The maximum time is 10 minutes, so long movies require extra editing to chop them up into 10 minute chunks and upload them each separately. This is a big pain in the ass and is making me seriously consider switching the bulk of my video to Vimeo because it has fewer limitations.

iPhone

My iPhone automatically syncs the Smart Albums to my iPhone, so it always has the best and most recent pictures on it. You configure that from within iTunes.

Screensavers

You can choose a Smart Album as a screensaver on a Mac, so I usually have the "3 Months Best" album with the Ken Burns effect on my screen. Its counter-intuitive to me at first, but I find that I prefer seeing the most recent pictures all the time, not the best old ones over and over.

Just go to the Screen Saver in the System Preferences and your iPhoto Albums and Events will appear in the list. Sometimes it takes a minute for them to appear.

 

 

Digital Picture Frames

I have a Philips digital picture frame on my desk. Unfortunately the only way to transfer pictures is by connecting it to a computer via USB or using SD memory cards. This means manually dragging and dropping images from iPhoto to the SD card and physically moving around the cards or cables every time you want to sync them. I'd really like to find a good digital picture frame that would stream the photos off of iPhoto (the problem with Facebook is that the pictures are so low quality).

What about you?

How do you manage your photos? Any tips on how to make my process smoother or more automated? Have you worked facial recognition and geo-location into your process? Please comment.

Listening but not paying attention

I've been presenting a talk titled, "Complainers into Champions" lately that gives examples of why many companies can benefit from using social media to engage with customers and talk about their problems in public. I'm usually pushing companies to engage more, listen more, respond more.

However, I recently had a personal experience where a company was listening to social media, but wasn't really paying attention - and it cost them. A tweet that I sent was taken out of context and a big company spent hundreds, if not thousands of dollars investigating it. Bryan Menell also talked about my experience on the Dachis Group Blog.

It all started with a phone call to my cell phone. This was strange to begin with, because I use Google Voice and I don't give out my cell phone number to anyone. I was immediately suspicious and figured that it was some kind of strange solicitation. Here my best recollection of the conversation:

Caller: "Is this Joshua Baer?"

Me: "Who's calling?"

Caller: "Enrico XXXX"

Me: "Who are you with?"

Caller: "Bose Security"

Me: "What's this regarding?"

Caller: "It's a personal matter."

Me: "You're going to have to give me more information than that."

Caller: "Is this Josh? It's regarding your business selling stolen Bose headphones."

Me: "This is Josh. I'm not sure what you're referring to. What makes you think that?"

Caller: "I'm looking at a Twitter message that says, 'joshuabaer @jotto I've actually got a side business moving hot bose headphones'. Did you send that?"

 

Me: "I didn't say that. It must be some kind of mistake... Oh wait a minute. I think this was part of a joke. I was selling some used headphones on Facebook and my friend said that as a joke. I think if you look at the tweets before and after that it will be pretty obvious that its a joke."

Me: "Look, I'm a big fan of your products and just got the latest version. I was selling two old pair."

Caller: "Do you know where you purchased the two headphones?"

Me: "Not really, it was a long time ago. I probably bought them directly from you, or maybe from Amazon. Come to think of it one of them was my wife's so I have no idea where she purchased it."

Caller: "Are you sure?"

Me: "No, I just told you I'm not really sure because it was a long time ago. I was really just selling my used ones on Facebook."

Caller: "I know, we bought a pair from you."

Me: (laughing) "Are you serious? That's hilarious! So you know it wasn't stolen then."

Caller: "Well we can't verify that. I need to know where you purchased them." 

Me: "Look, I wish you the best and must admit that I'm kind of impressed that you're paying attention to Twitter, but this is a waste of your time."

Caller: "Well we're going to continue to investigate this. Is this the best number to reach you at if I have further questions?"

Then we exchanged contact info.

So basically, Bose Security was watching Twitter and took this one tweet out of context. They spent at least $165 so far (that's how much they paid me when they bought the headphones) and have spent many hours researching it, tracking down my number, calling me, etc.

If they had looked at my Twitter page and just seen the tweets sent around the same time, I think they should have been able to tell it was a joke.

 

How much did this cost Bose? At least $165. Assuming that they spend a few hours researching it, we're probably looking at hundreds of dollars if not more! 

Here is the original Facebook post in the marketplace:

 

Quick links to your company Facebook page and Twitter search

For most of my companies that I work with I've created quick links to our Facebook page as well as a Twitter search for our company. This makes it really easy to promote the pages by word of mouth (literally) or on Twitter where every character counts.

For example, if you want to go to OtherInbox's Facebook page, you can just type in facebook.otherinbox.com (or even shorter, facebook.oib.com). That link is a redirect that sends you to our Facebook fan page for OtherInbox.

To see what people are saying about OtherInbox right now, go to twitter.otherinbox.com. That link is a redirect that sends you to a pre-defined search on search.twitter.com.

Here's how to set it up for yourself.

Go to your Facebook fan page. The URL will probably look something like this:

http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=69949101476#/pages/Capital-Factory/62503086648

I don't know why Facebook does this because its unnecessary and really ugly, but you probably want to clean it up first. Look for the "/pages/" that appears the farthest to the right (it could be in there twice). Delete everything to the left of it other than "www.facebook.com".

http://www.facebook.com/video/video.php?v=69949101476#/pages/Capital-Factory/62503086648

Now this is the nice URL to your Facebook fan page: 

http://www.facebook.com/pages/Capital-Factory/62503086648

Now all you do is set up a web redirect for a certain web page or domain name to go that URL. I like to use custom domain names because I think they are easy to remember: facebook.oib.com. However, you could also do oib.com/facebook just as easily. I use Register.com's RComExpress service to host my domains and they have a great feature where you can set up a subdomain and enter a page for it to redirect to and they take care of the rest. 

Next, I do the same thing for Twitter search and twitter.otherinbox.com. First I go to search.twitter.com and manually type in the search that finds the content that I want to show. 

For OtherInbox that is:

otherinbox OR "other inbox" OR #OIB OR oib.com OR "mr. spam" OR mrspam OR "mr spam"

which results in the URL:

http://search.twitter.com/search?q=otherinbox+OR+%22other+inbox%22+OR+%23OIB+OR+oib.com

+OR+%22mr.+spam%22+OR+mrspam+OR+%22mr%20spam%22

When I tried to put that URL into Register.com's redirect it didn't like some of the characters, so I put it into TinyURL first and put the resulting TinyURL into Register.com's redirect. But that worked fine.

It doesn't take long to set up, and I find it quite handy. I hope you do too!

We need new security questions - obscurity is no defense in the long tail of social networking

Everyone knows that financial institutions are behind the times with technology and are way too paranoid to participate in social media. But it seems like they aren't paying enough attention to social media and the trend to publish more and more information publicly that use to be private.

If you're friends with someone on Facebook and LinkedIn and troll through their Twitter and Flickr feeds, you'll find that you can answer most of the typical "security questions" for financial institutions. They picked obscure questions such as, "What was the name of your first pet?" and "What street did you live on in your first house?" thinking that they would be difficult for someone other than you to figure out. But these days most of the questions are pretty easy to figure out for a social media sleuth.

This problem is just going to get bigger and bigger. With hundreds of millions of people using social networking it is clear that its not just a fad. The generation of tomorrow will grow up without many of inhibitions that we have about sharing information about ourselves publicly. Today your photos, your day to day activities and your relationships with others are available to the world through Facebook, Flickr, and Twitter. The trend is to share more not less, so what else will be shared tomorrow?

I think this is a real concern! This is ripe for abuse and needs to be addressed proactively by financial institutions before clever social media criminals expose this common vulnerability for rampant identity theft.

So what can you do to protect yourself? Lie. Come up with alternate answers to the common security questions such as "what is your home town?" and always use the fake answer that only you know (after all, you've always wanted to be from the Bronx, haven't you?). That way even your mom can't figure out your security questions. 

What is Twitter?

I would guess that most people reading this blog have heard of Twitter, but I know many don't really understand what it is. Others are concerned about sharing so much information publicly.

I would describe Twitter as a very public, social version of online chat. Instead of just sending messages between small groups of people in a private way, the messages are all shared publicly by default. This means that anyone can go and search over the things people have been chatting about - either by searching keywords or "following" certain people they know.

Like many others, I first started using Twitter in March 2007 at the South by SouthWest Interactive festival in Austin, TX (SXSW). Between blogging, Twitter and Facebook, I have pretty much stopped sending out blast emails when I find interesting things I want to share. Instead, just post them to whatever is the most appropriate place. 

If people like the kinds of things I send out, they can easily find them or subscribe to my feeds. Short links and thoughts get posted on Twitter. More private photos and personal communications go on Facebook, and longer explanations (such as this one) go to one of my various blogs. 

This is much easier for me, and reduces the email overload on everyone else. Plus I get the "social effects" of using public tools and inviting unexpected responses and synergies (more on this later).

One of the best descriptions I've seen of Twitter is from Common Craft:

Facebook will be making your fan pages public

I recently saw a notice in Facebook warning me that sometime soon the companies, products and people I'm a "fan" of in Facebook will be made public in search results. I'm not sure that I see the user benefit here, but the obvious marketing benefit is to raise awareness of fan pages and get more people to become fans of more things.

You can opt-out of this by unchecking the box in your privacy settings. But it looks like it will be turned on for everyone by default (and retroactively for existing users).

My first facebook virus - is this the end of the innocence?

I hear many people predict the demise of email for personal communications in favor of social networking. They say that Facebook makes it hard to get Inbox messages that aren't from real people, so there is much less spam. While this may be true in the short term, I think in the long term messaging within Facebook and social network will have the same fate as email and will become more and more like email over time.

I've already talked about how Facebook, Myspace and LinkedIn today are very similar to AOL, Compuserv and Prodigy of 20 years ago - separate networks that are destined to be joined together with SMTP. Do you really want to have a bunch of different social network Inboxes to check? Do you think people who are messaging you will be able to figure out whether they should send a message to on Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn or regular old email? It's just going to get more and more confusing.

In addition to that, I've already seen many businesses setting up Facebook profiles as if they were people instead of using Pages the way they are supposed to. They do this so that they can send commercial messages to the users Inbox instead of sending Updates which show up in a less prominent spot. They know that more people will read their message if its grouped with the other personal messages instead of the other commercial messages. However, its poisoning the well - the act of putting the commercial messages in the Inbox reduces its value and as others start to do that it will become ineffective for everyone.

For example, here is a Facebook profile for a coffee shop in Austin that keeps showing up on my "People you may know" list. And here is a music venue. I'm sure its a nice coffee shop. Considering that they both have almost 500 friends, the strategy seems to be working. I've seen many other businesses do the same thing.

Yesterday I received my first trojan horse virus in my Facebook Inbox. It looked like it was coming from a friend of mine and linked to a YouTube video I should watch. But the link was funny looking and it was a friend I hadn't talked to in a while, so I was immediately suspicious. I bet that a lot of Facebook users won't be suspicious and will click on it.

Could this be the end of the innocence for Facebook?

Will the real "Joshua Baer" please stand up?

For all of my childhood, I was the only Joshua Baer.

Sometime in high school, my cousin sent me a picture of the sign in front of Joshua Baer & Co, an art dealer in Santa Fe, New Mexico. And I realized that I was not the only Joshua Baer in the world. My innocence was shattered.

10 years later I set up a Google alert for "Joshua Baer". Except for the occasional message about the art dealer, I only received alerts about myself.

Then last year I joined Facebook and was surprised to see 26 other Joshua Baers! From their pictures and school info, they all seem to be much younger than me - most graduated after 2000. LinkedIn shows 5 other Joshua Baers. I can't figure out how to find Joshua Baers on MySpace.

Are my Google alerts doomed to be polluted with news about other Joshua Baers?

I have joshuabaer.com and joshbaer.com and @baer.name. I have joshuabaer on twitter and on MySpace and on Linkedin. But how long can I keep it up?

Will the real "Joshua Baer" please stand up?

Austin Social Media Club meeting - 60+ attendees!

Tonight we hosted the Austin Social Media Club meeting at the Datran Media and OtherInbox offices. More than 60 people showed up to hear Jon Lebkowsky and David Armistad discuss "The Headless Organization". It was an engaging discussion and I found it particularly relevant to the MailThink conference I'm organizing in September.

I'm hosting the Austin Social Media Club meeting at Datran Media on Thursday, May 15

On Thursday May 15 I'm hosting the Austin Social Media Club meeting at the Datran Media and OtherInbox offices (fourth Tuesday third Thursday of every month, 8th floor of the Omni Hotel at 7th and Brazos downtown).

We'll have free pizza (thanks Datran!) at 6pm and things will officially start at 6:30pm and wrap up at 8pm.

Jon Lebkowsky and David Armistead from Social Web Strategies will be talking about The Headless Organization:

Throughout the history of the Internet, we’ve seen an explosion of new, relatively frictionless communication channels, broad access to the means of media production, and a blurring of the distinctions between professional and personal media. We’ve seen an ascendance of many-to-many communications resulting in “out of control” communications, flatter hierarchies, and the emergence of new, agile forms of social and political organization. The rise of networked communications and the appearance of robust platforms for social networking has been accompanied by an increasing tendency for groups to self-organize — and the proliferation of entities referred to as leaderless or “headless” organizations. In May’s SMC presentation, we’ll consider how these headless organizations have evolved, discuss some examples, and talk about challenges, limits, and potential future developments.

I'm looking to hire a product manager in the social media space for Datran Media as well as Facebook app developers for Datran Media and OtherInbox. If you know of anyone who might be a good fit, please encourage them to register for the meeting and introduce themselves to me.

Facebook is radio, not TV

Most of my friends have taken to Facebook like fish to water, but a few seem to have trouble getting started. They can see that lots of their friends are participating but don't really understand what all the fuss is about. A common complaint I hear is that they think it is a waste of time, as if it is something that requires your full attention like TV. I think of Facebook more like the radio that I listen to in the background.

I really enjoy Facebook and check it a few times a day. I find it interesting to see the "newsfeed" postings about where my friends are traveling to, pictures they have posted online, events they are attending and connections to friends I've lost touch with.

I have a few recommendations of how you can maximize your Facebook experience if you are just getting started or want to give it a second try.

1. Make Facebook the home page on your web browser. This way every time you open a web browser the Facebook newsfeed will flash in front of you for a few seconds. Even when you move on and keep doing what you were doing, you will notice interesting tidbits about your friends activity that is posted on the newsfeed. Every once in a while, something interesting will catch your eye and you will click on it for more information.
   
2. Spend an hour adding as many Facebook friends as you can. Facebook is a social network, and without friends you can't be social. Your newsfeed only shows things about your Facebook friends, and only friends who you approve can see things about you.
   
3. Update your status when you travel. If you're going on a trip, announce it a few days before in your Facebook status, ie. "Joshua is heading to San Francisco on Monday for Ad:Tech" and then "Joshua is in San Francisco for Ad:Tech" and finally "Joshua is back home in Austin".
   

Follow these three steps and then explore other parts of Facebook for yourself as they catch your eye. I have started using Facebook for sharing pictures because of its ability to "tag" messages with the names of the people in them.

Facebook is not about spending hours browsing through other people's pages (at least not for me). I interact with it very passively - mostly noticing things on the newsfeed and updating my status once a day. Occasionally I'll spend a few minutes browsing but it's more like listening to the radio than watching TV.

Facebook says we should be friends...

I think this will be one of the new pickup lines of 2008 - "Hey baby, Facebook says we should be friends."

A new feature of Facebook and LinkedIn shows the names of a few "People You May Know" - basically the friends of your friends. This turns out to be incredibly useful and I suspect is causing significant growth in the number of connections between users. For a week now, every time I log into Facebook I add a few new friends. My network on LinkedIn is much larger than on Facebook so I don't find new friends quite as often, but it is still frequent.

LinkedIn

Facebook

Last night at the Austin On Rails meeting someone came up to me and said, "Facebook keeps saying we should be friends so I thought I would introduce myself." We had never interacted online, but when he heard my name announced to the group he immediately recognized it. How interesting that Facebook could cause offline connections to be made without any online interaction!

Now what we need is a physical device you can carry around that would alert you when "someone you should know" is nearby. This is kind of like that bluetooth dating toys that were popular in Japan and in the headlines 10 years ago.

Hiring Developers - ROR / Java / .NET / Facebook / OpenSocial

My new startup, OtherInbox is looking for experienced Ruby On Rails developers. We're a small team working in an Agile environment on an innovative consumer service. Our development team is led by Steven Smith, founder of FiveRuns. If you know of someone to recommend, please email jobs@otherinbox.com - we'll pay you $1,000 if we hire your referral!

We also need help with web browser toolbar extensions for Firefox, Internet Explorer and Safari. We'd love to find one person who can do all three but it seems more likely that we'll find a specialist for each browser. There will be a big project up front and then ongoing maintenance.

Datran Media is looking for developers who are excited about building social networking apps of all types. We need Java and .NET developers to work on our StormPost Social Connector platform as well as standalone Facebook applications. Email joshua.baer@datranmedia.com if you know someone!

Facebook In-Utero

Today I made a Facebook profile for Baby Baer, who is currently surfing the Internet in-utero through Mommy. Why did I do this? I had uploaded a sonogram picture to my Facebook account and wanted to "tag" the baby in the picture.

I'm sure my baby is not the first one to have a Facebook profile in-utero, but you never know... maybe at 11 weeks this is the youngest Facebook profile ever! I'll admit I had to lie about birthday... the most recent year they allow is 2006. Apparently a 2 year old can have a Facebook profile but not younger!

What else should be done for an Internet "baby starter package"? I'll admit I've looked up possible baby names to see if the domain name is available as well...

Facebook adds Instant Messaging

Stan Schroeder at Mashable questions the value of Facebook adding instant messaging capabilities. He questions if this is adding any value or just trying to steal users from other chat services such as Twitter or AIM.

What's powerful about instant messaging is not the ability to send messages - we could already do that with email. It's the buddy list and the "presence" information. It's your list of the people that are important to you and knowing when they are online or not to enable real-time interaction like actual IM messages - or audio chat - or video chat - or playing a game - or so you can walk over to their desk to talk to them.

The reason why Facebook IM is powerful/interesting is not that it gives you a new way to do IM. It's that now you don't need to maintain a separate list of your "buddies" in AIM, your buddy list is the same list you are already maintaining in Facebook.